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CHAPTER 4. OBSTACLE RESTRICTION AND REMOVAL
Note 1.— The objectives of the specifications in this chapter
are to define the airspace around aerodromes to be maintained
free from obstacles so as to permit the intended aeroplane
operations at the aerodromes to be conducted safely and to
prevent the aerodromes from becoming unusable by the growth
of obstacles around the aerodromes. This is achieved by
establishing a series of obstacle limitation surfaces that define
the limits to which objects may project into the airspace.
Note 2.— Objects which penetrate the obstacle limitation
surfaces contained in this chapter may in certain circumstances
cause an increase in the obstacle clearance altitude/height for
an instrument approach procedure or any associated visual
circling procedure or have other operational impact on flight
procedure design. Criteria for flight procedure design are contained
in Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft
Operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168).
Note 3.— The establishment of, and requirements for, an
obstacle protection surface for visual approach slope indicator
systems are specified in 5.3.5.41 to 5.3.5.45.
4.1 Obstacle limitation surfaces
Note.— See Figure 4-1.
Outer horizontal surface
Note.— Guidance on the need to provide an outer horizontal
surface and its characteristics is contained in the Airport
Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
Conical surface
4.1.1 Description.— Conical surface. A surface sloping
upwards and outwards from the periphery of the inner horizontal
surface.
4.1.2 Characteristics.— The limits of the conical surface
shall comprise:
a) a lower edge coincident with the periphery of the inner
horizontal surface; and
b) an upper edge located at a specified height above the
inner horizontal surface.
4.1.3 The slope of the conical surface shall be measured in
a vertical plane perpendicular to the periphery of the inner
horizontal surface.
Inner horizontal surface
4.1.4 Description.— Inner horizontal surface. A surface
located in a horizontal plane above an aerodrome and its environs.
4.1.5 Characteristics.— The radius or outer limits of the
inner horizontal surface shall be measured from a reference
point or points established for such purpose.
Note.— The shape of the inner horizontal surface need not
necessarily be circular. Guidance on determining the extent of
the inner horizontal surface is contained in the Airport Services
Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
4.1.6 The height of the inner horizontal surface shall be
measured above an elevation datum established for such purpose.
Note.— Guidance on determining the elevation datum is
contained in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
Approach surface
4.1.7 Description.— Approach surface. An inclined plane
or combination of planes preceding the threshold.
4.1.8 Characteristics.— The limits of the approach surface
shall comprise:
a) an inner edge of specified length, horizontal and perpendicular
to the extended centre line of the runway and
located at a specified distance before the threshold;
b) two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the
extended centre line of the runway;
c) an outer edge parallel to the inner edge; and
d) The above surfaces shall be varied when lateral offset,
offset or curved approaches are utilized, specifically,
two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the
extended centre line of the lateral offset, offset or curved
ground track.
4.1.9 The elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to the
elevation of the mid-point of the threshold.
4.1.10 The slope(s) of the approach surface shall be
measured in the vertical plane containing the centre line of the
runway and shall continue containing the centre line of any
lateral offset or curved ground track.
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Figure 4-1. Obstacle limitation surfaces
Conical
Transitional
Approach Approach
Inner approach Strip
Inner horizontal
Conical
Take-off climb
B
A A
B
Approach Take-off climb
Conical Inner horizontal
Conical
Transitional
Section A-A
Section B-B
Approach Transitional
Inner horizontal
Inner approach
See Figure 4-2 for inner transitional and balked landing obstacle limitation surfaces and
Attachment B for a three-dimensional view
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Inner approach surface
4.1.11 Description.— Inner approach surface. A rectangular
portion of the approach surface immediately preceding the
threshold.
4.1.12 Characteristics.— The limits of the inner approach
surface shall comprise:
a) an inner edge coincident with the location of the inner
edge of the approach surface but of its own specified
length;
b) two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
extending parallel to the vertical plane containing the
centre line of the runway; and
c) an outer edge parallel to the inner edge.
Transitional surface
4.1.13 Description.— Transitional surface. A complex
surface along the side of the strip and part of the side of the
approach surface, that slopes upwards and outwards to the inner
horizontal surface.
4.1.14 Characteristics.— The limits of a transitional
surface shall comprise:
a) a lower edge beginning at the intersection of the side of
the approach surface with the inner horizontal surface and
Figure 4-2. Inner approach, inner transitional and balked landing obstacle limitation surfaces
B
B
A A
Balked
landing
Inner transitional
Inner transitional
Inner transitional Inner horizontal
Inner approach
Balked
landing
Balked
landing
Section A-A
Section B-B
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extending down the side of the approach surface to the
inner edge of the approach surface and from there along
the length of the strip parallel to the runway centre line;
and
b) an upper edge located in the plane of the inner horizontal
surface.
4.1.15 The elevation of a point on the lower edge shall be:
a) along the side of the approach surface — equal to the
elevation of the approach surface at that point; and
b) along the strip — equal to the elevation of the nearest
point on the centre line of the runway or its extension.
Note.— As a result of b) the transitional surface along the
strip will be curved if the runway profile is curved, or a plane if
the runway profile is a straight line. The intersection of the
transitional surface with the inner horizontal surface will also
be a curved or a straight line depending on the runway profile.
4.1.16 The slope of the transitional surface shall be
measured in a vertical plane at right angles to the centre line of
the runway.
Inner transitional surface
Note.— It is intended that the inner transitional surface be
the controlling obstacle limitation surface for navigation aids,
aircraft and other vehicles that must be near the runway and
which is not to be penetrated except for frangible objects. The
transitional surface described in 4.1.13 is intended to remain as
the controlling obstacle limitation surface for buildings, etc.
4.1.17 Description.— Inner transitional surface. A surface
similar to the transitional surface but closer to the runway.
4.1.18 Characteristics.— The limits of an inner transitional
surface shall comprise:
a) a lower edge beginning at the end of the inner approach
surface and extending down the side of the inner
approach surface to the inner edge of that surface, from
there along the strip parallel to the runway centre line to
the inner edge of the balked landing surface and from
there up the side of the balked landing surface to the point
where the side intersects the inner horizontal surface; and
b) an upper edge located in the plane of the inner horizontal
surface.
4.1.19 The elevation of a point on the lower edge shall be:
a) along the side of the inner approach surface and balked
landing surface — equal to the elevation of the particular
surface at that point; and
b) along the strip — equal to the elevation of the nearest
point on the centre line of the runway or its extension.
Note.— As a result of b) the inner transitional surface along
the strip will be curved if the runway profile is curved or a plane
if the runway profile is a straight line. The intersection of the
inner transitional surface with the inner horizontal surface will
also be a curved or straight line depending on the runway profile.
4.1.20 The slope of the inner transitional surface shall be
measured in a vertical plane at right angles to the centre line of
the runway.
Balked landing surface
4.1.21 Description.— Balked landing surface. An inclined
plane located at a specified distance after the threshold,
extending between the inner transitional surface.
4.1.22 Characteristics.— The limits of the balked landing
surface shall comprise:
a) an inner edge horizontal and perpendicular to the centre
line of the runway and located at a specified distance after
the threshold;
b) two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the vertical
plane containing the centre line of the runway; and
c) an outer edge parallel to the inner edge and located in the
plane of the inner horizontal surface.
4.1.23 The elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to the
elevation of the runway centre line at the location of the inner
edge.
4.1.24 The slope of the balked landing surface shall be
measured in the vertical plane containing the centre line of the
runway.
Take-off climb surface
4.1.25 Description.— Take-off climb surface. An inclined
plane or other specified surface beyond the end of a runway or
clearway.
4.1.26 Characteristics.— The limits of the take-off climb
surface shall comprise:
a) an inner edge horizontal and perpendicular to the centre
line of the runway and located either at a specified
distance beyond the end of the runway or at the end of the
clearway when such is provided and its length exceeds
the specified distance;
b) two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge,
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the take-off
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track to a specified final width and continuing thereafter
at that width for the remainder of the length of the takeoff
climb surface; and
c) an outer edge horizontal and perpendicular to the
specified take-off track.
4.1.27 The elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to the
highest point on the extended runway centre line between the
end of the runway and the inner edge, except that when a
clearway is provided the elevation shall be equal to the highest
point on the ground on the centre line of the clearway.
4.1.28 In the case of a straight take-off flight path, the
slope of the take-off climb surface shall be measured in the
vertical plane containing the centre line of the runway.
4.1.29 In the case of a take-off flight path involving a turn,
the take-off climb surface shall be a complex surface containing
the horizontal normals to its centre line, and the slope of the
centre line shall be the same as that for a straight take-off flight
path.
4.2 Obstacle limitation requirements
Note.— The requirements for obstacle limitation surfaces are
specified on the basis of the intended use of a runway, i.e. take-off
or landing and type of approach, and are intended to be applied
when such use is made of the runway. In cases where operations
are conducted to or from both directions of a runway, then the
function of certain surfaces may be nullified because of more
stringent requirements of another lower surface.
Non-instrument runways
4.2.1 The following obstacle limitation surfaces shall be
established for a non-instrument runway:
— conical surface;
— inner horizontal surface;
— approach surface; and
— transitional surfaces.
4.2.2 The heights and slopes of the surfaces shall not be
greater than, and their other dimensions not less than, those
specified in Table 4-1.
4.2.3 New objects or extensions of existing objects shall
not be permitted above an approach or transitional surface
except when, in the opinion of the appropriate authority, the
new object or extension would be shielded by an existing
immovable object.
Note.— Circumstances in which the shielding principle may
reasonably be applied are described in the Airport Services
Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
4.2.4 Recommendation.— New objects or extensions of
existing objects should not be permitted above the conical
surface or inner horizontal surface except when, in the opinion
of the appropriate authority, the object would be shielded by an
existing immovable object, or after aeronautical study it is
determined that the object would not adversely affect the safety
or significantly affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
4.2.5 Recommendation.— Existing objects above any of
the surfaces required by 4.2.1 should as far as practicable be
removed except when, in the opinion of the appropriate
authority, the object is shielded by an existing immovable
object, or after aeronautical study it is determined that the
object would not adversely affect the safety or significantly
affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
Note.— Because of transverse or longitudinal slopes on a
strip, in certain cases the inner edge or portions of the inner
edge of the approach surface may be below the corresponding
elevation of the strip. It is not intended that the strip be graded
to conform with the inner edge of the approach surface, nor is
it intended that terrain or objects which are above the approach
surface beyond the end of the strip, but below the level of the
strip, be removed unless it is considered they may endanger
aeroplanes.
4.2.6 Recommendation.— In considering proposed
construction, account should be taken of the possible future
development of an instrument runway and consequent
requirement for more stringent obstacle limitation surfaces.
Non-precision approach runways
4.2.7 The following obstacle limitation surfaces shall be
established for a non-precision approach runway:
— conical surface;
— inner horizontal surface;
— approach surface; and
— transitional surfaces.
4.2.8 The heights and slopes of the surfaces shall not be
greater than, and their other dimensions not less than, those
specified in Table 4-1, except in the case of the horizontal
section of the approach surface (see 4.2.9).
4.2.9 The approach surface shall be horizontal beyond the
point at which the 2.5 per cent slope intersects:
a) a horizontal plane 150 m above the threshold elevation; or
b) the horizontal plane passing through the top of any object
that governs the obstacle clearance altitude/height
(OCA/H);
whichever is the higher.
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Table 4-1. Dimensions and slopes of obstacle limitation surfaces —Approach runways
APPROACH RUNWAYS
RUNWAY CLASSIFICATION
Precision approach category
Non-instrument
Code number
Non-precision approach
Code number
I
Code number
II or III
Code number
Surface and dimensionsa 1 2 3 4 1,2 3 4 1,2 3,4 3,4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
CONICAL
Slope 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Height 35 m 55 m 75 m 100 m 60 m 75 m 100 m 60 m 100 m 100 m
INNER HORIZONTAL
Height 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m 45 m
Radius 2 000 m 2 500 m 4 000 m 4 000 m 3 500 m 4 000 m 4 000 m 3 500 m 4 000 m 4 000 m
INNER APPROACH
Width — — — — — — — 90 m 120 me 120 me
Distance from threshold — — — — — — — 60 m 60 m 60 m
Length — — — — — — — 900 m 900 m 900 m
Slope 2.5% 2% 2%
APPROACH
Length of inner edge 60 m 80 m 150 m 150 m 150 m 300 m 300 m 150 m 300 m 300 m
Distance from threshold 30 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m
Divergence (each side) 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%
First section
Length 1 600 m 2 500 m 3 000 m 3 000 m 2 500 m 3 000 m 3 000 m 3 000 m 3 000 m 3 000 m
Slope 5% 4% 3.33% 2.5% 3.33% 2% 2% 2.5% 2% 2%
Second section
Length — — — — — 3 600 mb 3 600 mb 12 000 m 3 600 mb 3 600 mb
Slope — — — — — 2.5% 2.5% 3% 2.5% 2.5%
Horizontal section
Length — — — — — 8 400 mb 8 400 mb — 8 400 mb 8 400 mb
Total length — — — — — 15 000 m15 000 m 15 000 m15 000 m 15 000 m
TRANSITIONAL
Slope 20% 20% 14.3% 14.3% 20% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3%
INNER TRANSITIONAL
Slope — — — — — — — 40% 33.3% 33.3%
BALKED LANDING SURFACE
Length of inner edge — — — — — — — 90 m 120 me 120 me
Distance from threshold — — — — — — — c 1 800 md 1 800 md
Divergence (each side) — — — — — — — 10% 10% 10%
Slope — — — — — — — 4% 3.33% 3.33%
a. All dimensions are measured horizontally unless specified otherwise.
b. Variable length (see 4.2.9 or 4.2.17).
c. Distance to the end of strip.
d. Or end of runway whichever is less.
e. Where the code letter is F (Column (3) of Table 1-1), the width is
increased to 155 m. For information on code letter F aeroplanes equipped
with digital avionics that provide steering commands to maintain an
established track during the go-around manoeuvre, see Circular 301 —
New Larger Aeroplanes — Infringement of the Obstacle Free Zone:
Operational Measures and Aeronautical Study.
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4.2.10 New objects or extensions of existing objects shall
not be permitted above an approach surface within 3 000 m of
the inner edge or above a transitional surface except when, in
the opinion of the appropriate authority, the new object or
extension would be shielded by an existing immovable object.
Note.— Circumstances in which the shielding principle may
reasonably be applied are described in the Airport Services
Manual, Part 6.
4.2.11 Recommendation.— New objects or extensions of
existing objects should not be permitted above the approach
surface beyond 3 000 m from the inner edge, the conical surface
or inner horizontal surface except when, in the opinion of the
appropriate authority, the object would be shielded by an existing
immovable object, or after aeronautical study it is determined
that the object would not adversely affect the safety or
significantly affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
4.2.12 Recommendation.— Existing objects above any of
the surfaces required by 4.2.7 should as far as practicable be
removed except when, in the opinion of the appropriate
authority, the object is shielded by an existing immovable
object, or after aeronautical study it is determined that the
object would not adversely affect the safety or significantly
affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
Note.— Because of transverse or longitudinal slopes on a
strip, in certain cases the inner edge or portions of the inner
edge of the approach surface may be below the corresponding
elevation of the strip. It is not intended that the strip be graded
to conform with the inner edge of the approach surface, nor is
it intended that terrain or objects which are above the approach
surface beyond the end of the strip, but below the level of the
strip, be removed unless it is considered they may endanger
aeroplanes.
Precision approach runways
Note 1.— See 9.9 for information regarding siting of
equipment and installations on operational areas.
Note 2.— Guidance on obstacle limitation surfaces for
precision approach runways is given in the Airport Services
Manual, Part 6.
4.2.13 The following obstacle limitation surfaces shall be
established for a precision approach runway category I:
— conical surface;
— inner horizontal surface;
— approach surface; and
— transitional surfaces.
4.2.14 Recommendation.— The following obstacle limitation
surfaces should be established for a precision approach
runway category I:
— inner approach surface;
— inner transitional surfaces; and
— balked landing surface.
4.2.15 The following obstacle limitation surfaces shall be
established for a precision approach runway category II or III:
— conical surface;
— inner horizontal surface;
— approach surface and inner approach surface;
— transitional surfaces;
— inner transitional surfaces; and
— balked landing surface.
4.2.16 The heights and slopes of the surfaces shall not be
greater than, and their other dimensions not less than, those
specified in Table 4-1, except in the case of the horizontal
section of the approach surface (see 4.2.17).
4.2.17 The approach surface shall be horizontal beyond the
point at which the 2.5 per cent slope intersects:
a) a horizontal plane 150 m above the threshold elevation; or
b) the horizontal plane passing through the top of any object
that governs the obstacle clearance limit;
whichever is the higher.
4.2.18 Fixed objects shall not be permitted above the inner
approach surface, the inner transitional surface or the balked
landing surface, except for frangible objects which because of
their function must be located on the strip. Mobile objects shall
not be permitted above these surfaces during the use of the
runway for landing.
4.2.19 New objects or extensions of existing objects shall
not be permitted above an approach surface or a transitional
surface except when, in the opinion of the appropriate authority,
the new object or extension would be shielded by an existing
immovable object.
Note.— Circumstances in which the shielding principle may
reasonably be applied are described in the Airport Services
Manual, Part 6.
4.2.20 Recommendation.— New objects or extensions of
existing objects should not be permitted above the conical
surface and the inner horizontal surface except when, in the
opinion of the appropriate authority, an object would be
shielded by an existing immovable object, or after aeronautical
study it is determined that the object would not adversely affect
the safety or significantly affect the regularity of operations of
aeroplanes.
4.2.21 Recommendation.— Existing objects above an
approach surface, a transitional surface, the conical surface
and inner horizontal surface should as far as practicable be
removed except when, in the opinion of the appropriate
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authority, an object is shielded by an existing immovable object,
or after aeronautical study it is determined that the object would
not adversely affect the safety or significantly affect the
regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
Note.— Because of transverse or longitudinal slopes on a
strip, in certain cases the inner edge or portions of the inner
edge of the approach surface may be below the corresponding
elevation of the strip. It is not intended that the strip be graded
to conform with the inner edge of the approach surface, nor is
it intended that terrain or objects which are above the approach
surface beyond the end of the strip, but below the level of the
strip, be removed unless it is considered they may endanger
aeroplanes.
Runways meant for take-off
4.2.22 The following obstacle limitation surface shall be
established for a runway meant for take-off:
— take-off climb surface.
4.2.23 The dimensions of the surface shall be not less than
the dimensions specified in Table 4-2, except that a lesser length
may be adopted for the take-off climb surface where such lesser
length would be consistent with procedural measures adopted to
govern the outward flight of aeroplanes.
4.2.24 Recommendation.— The operational characteristics
of aeroplanes for which the runway is intended should be
examined to see if it is desirable to reduce the slope specified in
Table 4-2 when critical operating conditions are to be catered
to. If the specified slope is reduced, corresponding adjustment
in the length of take-off climb surface should be made so as to
provide protection to a height of 300 m.
Note.— When local conditions differ widely from sea level
standard atmospheric conditions, it may be advisable for the
slope specified in Table 4-2 to be reduced. The degree of this
reduction depends on the divergence between local conditions
and sea level standard atmospheric conditions, and on the
performance characteristics and operational requirements of
the aeroplanes for which the runway is intended.
4.2.25 New objects or extensions of existing objects shall
not be permitted above a take-off climb surface except when, in
the opinion of the appropriate authority, the new object or
extension would be shielded by an existing immovable object.
Note.— Circumstances in which the shielding principle may
reasonably be applied are described in the Airport Services
Manual, Part 6.
4.2.26 Recommendation.— If no object reaches the 2 per
cent (1:50) take-off climb surface, new objects should be limited
to preserve the existing obstacle free surface or a surface down
to a slope of 1.6 per cent (1:62.5).
Table 4-2. Dimensions and slopes of obstacle limitation surfaces
RUNWAYS MEANT FOR TAKE-OFF
Code number
Surface and dimensionsa 1 2 3 or 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
TAKE-OFF CLIMB
Length of inner edge 60 m 80 m 180 m
Distance from runway endb 30 m 60 m 60 m
Divergence (each side) 10% 10% 12.5%
Final width 380 m 580 m 1 200 m
1 800 mc
Length 1 600 m 2 500 m 15 000 m
Slope 5% 4% 2%d
a. All dimensions are measured horizontally unless specified otherwise.
b. The take-off climb surface starts at the end of the clearway if the clearway length exceeds the specified distance.
c. 1 800 m when the intended track includes changes of heading greater than 15° for operations conducted in IMC, VMC
by night.
d. See 4.2.24 and 4.2.26.
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4.2.27 Recommendation.— Existing objects that extend
above a take-off climb surface should as far as practicable be
removed except when, in the opinion of the appropriate
authority, an object is shielded by an existing immovable object,
or after aeronautical study it is determined that the object would
not adversely affect the safety or significantly affect the
regularity of operations of aeroplanes.
Note.— Because of transverse slopes on a strip or clearway,
in certain cases portions of the inner edge of the take-off climb
surface may be below the corresponding elevation of the strip
or clearway. It is not intended that the strip or clearway be
graded to conform with the inner edge of the take-off climb
surface, nor is it intended that terrain or objects which are
above the take-off climb surface beyond the end of the strip or
clearway, but below the level of the strip or clearway, be
removed unless it is considered they may endanger aeroplanes.
Similar considerations apply at the junction of a clearway and
strip where differences in transverse slopes exist.
4.3 Objects outside the obstacle limitation surfaces
4.3.1 Recommendation.— Arrangements should be made
to enable the appropriate authority to be consulted concerning
proposed construction beyond the limits of the obstacle
limitation surfaces that extend above a height established by
that authority, in order to permit an aeronautical study of the
effect of such construction on the operation of aeroplanes.
4.3.2 Recommendation.— In areas beyond the limits of the
obstacle limitation surfaces, at least those objects which extend to
a height of 150 m or more above ground elevation should be
regarded as obstacles, unless a special aeronautical study
indicates that they do not constitute a hazard to aeroplanes.
Note.— This study may have regard to the nature of
operations concerned and may distinguish between day and
night operations.
4.4 Other objects
4.4.1 Recommendation.— Objects which do not project
through the approach surface but which would nevertheless
adversely affect the optimum siting or performance of visual or
non-visual aids should, as far as practicable, be removed.
4.4.2 Recommendation.— Anything which may, in the
opinion of the appropriate authority after aeronautical study,
endanger aeroplanes on the movement area or in the air within
the limits of the inner horizontal and conical surfaces should be
regarded as an obstacle and should be removed in so far as
practicable.
Note.— In certain circumstances, objects that do not project
above any of the surfaces enumerated in 4.1 may constitute a
hazard to aeroplanes as, for example, where there a

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